Total fossil fuel subsidies worth almost $9 billion have been identified by research in Australia.[1]
Australian governments (federal, state and territory) continue to use subsidies to achieve environmental and social goals. This may be justifiable where the cost of the subsidy is less than the value of the environmental and social gain that results from the subsidy.
$8.1 billion (91%) of the total fossil fuel subsidies identified are likely to increase GHG emissions above the unsubsidised level. There is a much stronger argument for removal of these subsidies than for fossil fuel subsidies in general. In many cases, the subsidy can be restructured to achieve the desired economic or social objectives without encouraging increased GHG emissions.
About 58% of the total fossil fuel subsidies identified are perverse subsidies as they increase GHG emissions while at the same time reducing economic efficiency. Removal of these perverse subsidies can provide a ‘double dividend’ of greenhouse abatement and improved economic performance.
Fossil fuel producer subsidies
- greenhouse gas abatement program
- non-recovery of public agency costs
- petroleum exploration tax concessions
- research and development
- direct subsidies to fossil fuel development projects
Fossil fuel consumer subsidies
- diesel fuel rebate scheme
- exemption from excise for alternative fuels
- concessional rate of excise for fuel oil, heating oil and kerosene
- concessional rate of excise for aviation fuel
- excise free status for condensate
Electricity subsidies
- subsidised supply of electricity to aluminium smelters
- state energy supply concessions
- electricity pricing structures
- subsidies for centralised generation
Road transportation subsidies
- subsidy identification
- road network costs
- road user revenue
Significant specific subsidies
Significant specific subsidies for fossil fuel use have been calculated for:
- Greenhouse Gas Abatement Program (GGAP)
- Geoscience Australia – non-recovery of costs
- DITR – non-recovery of costs
- State agencies – non-recovery of costs
- Special company tax deductions for petroleum exploration
- Research and development
- Stuart Oil Shale excise and royalty exemption
- Timor Sea Treaty projects
- Excise exemption for alternative fuels
- Concessional rate of excise for fuel oil, heating oil and kerosene
- Concessional rate of excise for aviation fuel
- Subsidised supply of electricity to aluminium smelters
- State electricity supply subsidies for low income households
- Subsidy to motorists
- Diesel and Alternative Fuels Grants Scheme
- Fuel Sales Grants Scheme
- Availability of statutory formula method for FBT on employer-provided cars
Removing subsidies and redirecting funds to GHG abatement
Funds returned by removing fossil fuel subsidies can be shifted to sustainable energy systems, incorporating energy efficiency and renewable energy. Such subsidisation can be justified to offset the unpaid social and environmental costs of competing fossil fuel technologies.
There is also an argument for providing temporary subsidies to emerging industries of strategic importance until such industries can compete with more established industries. The public funds currently used to subsidise fossil fuel production and consumption could justifiably be used to subsidise the emerging sustainable energy industry, as establishment of this industry would constitute a public good.
Removal of fossil fuel subsidies in Australia offers an attractive greenhouse abatement option. It also provides a possible source of funding for more costly greenhouse abatement options, which may be required if deep cuts in GHG emissions are contemplated in the future.
References
- Subsidies that Encourage Fossil Fuel Use in Australia (PDF), Working Paper CR2003/01 36
External links
- Government urged to cut fossil fuel subsidies, The Sydney Morning Herald, April 28, 2008
- Appropedia: Incentives to pollute
